Thursday, January 23, 2020
Analisis Of The Poem Dreamers :: essays research papers
Dreamers      Dreamers is a WWI poem that is about the soldiers rather than the war itself, the message of the poem is that soldiers although viewed as hated killers that kill innocent victims the poem expresses the fact that the soldiers are just like the â€Å"normal†person, the poem also consists of many thoughts and doesn’t single out one side or another this shows that is was probably written by a observer of the war or someone that was directly involved in the war itself.      The first two lines of the poem sign is a great display of what people make soldiers out the be and what a normal citizen pictures them as â€Å"Citizens of Deaths gray land†a typical view of a solider that is fighting in a war is a bringer of death and some one who does not think twice about killing someone, but it is quickly countered buy telling the reader that although they are deaths soldiers they are not free from deaths fatal grasp them selves and gain nothing from the fighting.      The second two lines are a dramatic turn stating that as soldiers the stand starring destiny in the face to face, but is again turned as the thought of the solider is that he isn’t think ing about death but is thinking about feuds, jealousies ,and sorrows, not exactly like a normal person but shows that they are like â€Å"normal†people in the sense that they care about what they have done.      The Third two lines are like the first talking about what a soldiers is supposed to do followed but a dramatic line that shows that they as people are not invisible, the first line states the soldiers are supposed to win giving them a heavy burden that rest dead on there shoulders, but is yet again turned around by the fact the writer lets us know that some come out in body bags and some come out with the â€Å"fatal climax†which is that they have to go fight a war that they don’t wish to be a part of.      The fourth two lines are the second most powerful in the poem, it shows that the soldiers who are fighting are dreamers when the guns begin to fire, and the dream of the things that most people take for grantit like a warm home, clean beds and there beautiful wives which are left at there homes.      The next four lines tell of the horrors that the soldiers induer such as trenches that are plagued with rats and that are flooded with rain and are
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Criminal Justice in America: A Critical View Essay
Criminal justice Introduction            Criminal justice is a system of government institutions, which are tasked with upholding social control, and directed at mitigating crimes as well as sanctioning the law breakers with criminal penalties as and rehabilitation efforts as well.  Criminal justice covers a number of areas including; law enforcement, juvenile cases, correction and crime prevention. Criminal justice cases at level 200 cover a wide range of areas including policies on sentencing and practice, theories of policing and their effects criminal justice practice. As well as familiarizing with a wide range of police powers especially those involving searching and arrest powers.            The central role of law in social processes is explored under criminal justice 200, with primary legal regimes of various types being examined and compared from different national contexts as well as across different international context. Legal and non-legal reforms, those of social ordering, are contrasted; investigating human rights law in its practice and structure. Level 200 also focuses on ‘Disability studies’. Theories on how the society interprets disability and consequences in social justice. Factors and determinants that frame disability are factored. These factors include social, political, biological, cultural and economical determinants (Sheldon et al; 455).            On this paper, I will feature a case that will seek to examine how the judicial system decided to take a shift in the way juveniles were treated at trial in cases of criminal nature. The system saw it necessary to put into consideration the psychological factors, on growth of adolescents’ brains especially, when determining these cases as the aim of the system is more of reforming than punishing. Over the years, most states have believed the Juvenile system in the Judicial system is set up for public protection by providing a mechanism to respond to children who are getting into crime as they mature into adulthood. The children who commit these crimes are believed to be less dangerous and blameworthy hence the need to differentiate them from adults doing the same. States have been responsive to these differences and have in turn established separate court systems to cater for the juveniles. They have also provided separate youth-bas ed systems on service delivery that are different from those of adults.            Juvenile systems have grown remarkably since their first introduction. The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in the state of Illinois. At the time, the process was rather informal, consisting of conversations between the judge and the youth- with no legal representation for the youth. The system was aimed at creating a different probation system and replacing confinement of these youths in jails alongside the adults. A different approach to their incarceration was adopted which allowed for provision of guidance, education and supervision. All states later embraced the juvenile system including the then district of Columbia. In the year 1967, the ‘Re Gault’ landmark ruling by the Supreme Court determined the requirement of attorneys for youths in the system as well as provision of other constitutional rights like accused adults including confrontation of a witness before them. The Supreme Court later gave more consti tutional rights including undergoing trials requiring proof beyond reasonable doubt and against double jeopardy. However, some states give youths the right to trial y a jury through statutes and court rulings although the Supreme Court discouraged this (Bremna 342). Case ‘Miller v Alabama’            This case was a petition presented to the Supreme Court by the petitioner, Miller, against the state of Alabama. The case was argued on 20th March 2012 and was later decided on 25th June 2012. In this petition No. 10-9646, the petitioner by the name miller, with his friend beat up Miller’s friend seriously then continued to set his trailer on fire after a long evening of heavy drug abuse and drinking. The neighbor ended up dying. Initially, Miller had been charged by the court like juvenile, but when his case was later on removed and taken to an adult court, the court charged him with arson and murder. The jury found Miller guilty as charged and the trial court sentenced him to life without parole, which was a statutorily mandated punishment. The Alabama court dealing with appeals re-affirmed the ruling, arguing that Miller’s sentence was not even as harsh in comparison to the crime he had committed and the mandatory nature o f it was permissible according to the eighth amendment, which states that one should not be imprisoned for LWP for juvenile offenders that have committed homicide. The amendment forbids cruel and unusual punishments hence guaranteeing the defendant the right of refrain from being subjected to rather harsh sanctions. Punishment for a crime should be proportionate to both the crime and the offender. The amendment recognizes the lack of mental maturity n these youths, something that could lead to impulsiveness and recklessness as well as poor decision making (Adam 10).            This petitioned was argued and judgment given jointly with a case of the same nature, petition No. 10-9647 of ‘Jackson v Hobbs’ in which Jackson was charged with murder and thereafter sentenced to a life imprisonment with no parole. Jackson, a 14year old had taken part in a robbery where, unknown to him, one of his friends had carried a short gun with which he used to murder the clerk in the store. Jackson was charged by Arkansas as an adult with the crime of capital felony of murder alongside robbery. The jury found him guilty of both charges something that led to the sentence. The court likened life without parole to a death sentence (Adam 10).            On June 25 2012, the court gave a 5-4 ruling on the case, judging that a life imprisonment without parole was not constitutional if the accused is over the age of eighteen. The court was persistent on Graham’s foundational principle that states that the child status must be taken into account when passing such harsh judgments. Regardless of the crime committed, such severe penalties on juveniles cannot go on as if they were not children. The court also directed that sentences of life imprisonment without granting parole as such should be rare. The vulnerability of the children was taken into account as well as their high capability to change in the future and become better persons. The ruling would certainly have an after effect, especially on those whose sentencing did not take into account age and other mitigating factors (Adam 10).            This decision would see at least half of the states in America change their statutes on handling juvenile cases and sentences to life with no parole: including Alabama’s statute ‘code 13A’. Efforts to end harsh judgments and reduce solitary in confinement for juveniles were evident and efforts to close juvenile detention facilities as states started re-thinking of other ways on how to deal with juvenile offenders. Campaigns for youth reforms have been started with correctional facilities aimed at creating a view on young felons as victims of circumstances rather than felons who are irredeemable (Okonkwo 45). References Top of Form Shelden, Randall G, and William B. Brown. Criminal Justice in America: A Critical View. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003. Print. Bottom of Form Daniel Okonkwo The New York Times- Applying The Miller v Alabama Ruling Retroactively Must Be Done, 2013 Adam Liptak, Ethan Bronnerthe New York Times- Justice Bar Mandatory Life Terms For Juveniles, 2012 Source document
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Alcohol And Drug Abuse Should Be Prevented - 1534 Words
When you hear the term â€Å"alcoholic,†or â€Å"addict,†people automatically think of someone who drinks, or does drug abuse too much and whose life is falling apart as a result. Maybe that is the problem or truth , or maybe it’s not. Alcohol and drug abuse should be prevented. These two cases we don t see very often, maybe we hear about it every now and then but, it s happening all around us, way more than we think. Teens are involved more than adults, when it comes to drinking and smoking. Although teens are involved more so than any other age, it s also seen that adults, young adults, and elders are also influencing these bad habits, and abusing them as well. However, we fail to notice these things taking place, and we also fail to prevent it; as long as it isn’t â€Å"you†in this situation. How much do we really take notice? Maybe not in our lives, but in others , such as: friends, neighbours, etc. What if you were in this situation? Would it change your perspective, or how you would take notice? These are the type of questions that are brought about when reading and taking into another point of view about things, such as life. We can t stop these cases, but we can help prevent them. According to the article , â€Å"To Stop Violence, Start at Home†written by Shifman, Pamela, and Salamishah Tillet , Anna : a woman who is formal with drug abuse and domestic violence shares her story on how, drugs had an effect on her early childhood, and leading up to a young adult, she s neverShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words  | 6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well. Substance abuse is defined as being dependentRead MoreBoredom Is A Common Struggle868 Words  | 4 Pagesoften fail to look deeply into wh at such boredom has led to. Drugs and alcohol. It’s as simple as that. Small towns often fail to think of the youth and how the lack of entertainment provided can greatly affect teenagers’ lives. So, teenagers often turn to the only thing that is not necessarily healthy for them, but they turn to what seems â€Å"fun†or â€Å"cool†to them and their friends. Although not every small-town teenager abuses drugs or alcohol, it is clear that there is a problem with the majority ofRead MoreSuicide Is A Major Issue Today s Modern Society1283 Words  | 6 PagesSuicide is a major issue in today’s modern society. Many problems, such as depression, trauma, issues from childhood, drug/alcohol abuse, or other mental illnesses can cause people to commit suicide. Suicide is a mostly treatable issue, with therapy and medication, but many people still die from it each year. On average, 3000 people commit suicide each day, which results in almost one million p eople dying of it per year. Psychology is a broad science that studies the human mind, mental states andRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents1423 Words  | 6 PagesDrug abuse among adolescents is a growing problem in the United States with a staggering amount of teens falling victim to the vicious cycle of drug abuse. Teens are subjected to pressure from their peers and have the misconception that using drugs are cool and free of consequences. Therefore, teens begin to experiment with drugs and alcohol at an early age and often times don’t think about the negative stigma associated with drug abuse. Unfortunately, even casual use of drugs and alcohol canRead MoreTeen Suicide Essays1064 Words  | 5 Pagesamong teens include: psychological disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, physical or sexual abuse, poor relationships with family and peers, or sudden trauma (teen Suicide: Systematic Analysis of Quality). Psychological disorders tend to include depress ion and bipolar disorder. Depression is the most common of the two because a person usually looses interest in their favorite activities and feels as though they can no longer go on. Drug and alcohol abuse are also major causes of teen suicide due to theRead MoreThe Causes Of Addiction In Pop Culture And The Media795 Words  | 4 Pagesbeen prevalent for decades. Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs have always had a prodigious place in American society. We promote the consumption of these substances in commercials, songs, movies, etc. We as a people are responsible for the power that these substances have. Despite this, we ridicule those who consume them. Of course, there is a line where consumption becomes addiction, but society is still in some way responsible for driving someone to addiction. Liquor, drugs, and cigarettes are glorifiedRead MoreDrug Testing Of Middle School Students1251 Words  | 6 Pages10:25 1. Drug Testing of Middle-School Students May Help Prevent Substance Abuse: Study. Partnership for Drug Free Kids. N.p., 8 Mar. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. . Students who were randomly drug tested are less likely to continue the drug use as an adult. Studies show that when students get jobs, money, and cars they have the easiest access to drugs. Among the studies it has been found that students who have drug tests earlier in life will be less likely to continue the drug use. By drug testing youngRead MoreEssay Date Rape865 Words  | 4 Pagesforce is just wrong and shouldn’t be used. People should just accept the word â€Å"no†and be done with it. The fact is that they still go through great extents to have sex with a person even like blackmail. Males use their masculine strength to over power their victims by forcing there bodies down and holding there arms. Many young boys feel that as long as they can get away with it, they will continue to force sexual intercourse on a female.Now a day’s drugs have been used to seduce people into having sexualRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol Abuse On The Body1644 Words  |à ‚ 7 PagesAlcohol abuse can also cause short-term effects to the body. Although there are many different short-term effects, the most common happens to be a hangover which is a â€Å"group of symptoms experienced by a person after a heavy consumption of alcohol†(Alcoholic 1). Symptoms of a hangover often consist of nausea, fatigue, thirst, headache, diarrhea, and sensitivity to light and noise. The severity of a hangover depends on several factors; these factors include the amount of alcohol consumed, the levelRead MoreBad Habits and How to Break Them Essay959 Words  | 4 PagesIt can be as simple as not doing something in the morning, to stopping drugs and alcohol. People often pick up bad habits in their younger years. Some habits people cannot control such as a twitch or an outburst. But most of the habits people are able to overcome and control. In this paper we will talk about three of the most common bad habits that people have and how to overcome them. These three habits are, drinking, drugs, and texting and driving. I chose these habits because they are the most
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Capital Punishment and Life Without Parole Essay - 897 Words
The first death sentence that has been historically recorded was as far back as 16th century BC. This occurred in Egypt, the wrongdoer was accused of magic and he was then ordered to take his own life. In present day the death penalty has changed drastically. The death penalty has undergone many changes since then. In medieval times the methods used to kill people were inhumane and often times cruel. In modern times the methods to kill people are much more humane. The death penalty has been used less and less often and even outlawed in some states. The death penalty should be used more often and for more crimes. If the death penalty was used more often there would be a deterrence for future crimes, it is more cost effective, and it would†¦show more content†¦The more people in a prison the more money it takes for that prison to run. In 1995 it cost $49 billion dollars to run all of the prisons in all 50 states. Since 1995 there has been an increase in the amount of people in carcerated in prison. With this increase in prison population there is also an increase in the amount of money it costs to run prisons. The cost difference in an entire trial and prosecution of a death sentence and the entire trials and prosecution and life in prison of a LWOP sentence is immense. Dudley Sharp says in â€Å"Death Penalty and Sentencing Information†â€Å"Justice for all estimates that LWOP cases will cost $1.2 million - $3.6 million more than equivalent death penalty cases†(Sharp). Additionally, we would live in an all-around safer country. The people of the country would feel safer as well as be safer. People would be safer in every way possible. The lack of violent crimes would create a physical safety. Without murderers, rapists, assailants, and other such brutal people there would be less need for self-defense, such as guns or other weapons. With less white collar crime people would be safer when it comes things such as having identities stolen or companies being embezzled. This would give people better financial security and less chance of having their life ruined by someone stealing their identity. It would give the economy a great boost as well. On the other hand, some people disagree with the thoughtShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Is Not Effective865 Words  | 4 Pagesinnocent. Capital punishment is legal authorization to kill someone as a punishment for crimes such as treason, terrorism, espionage, federal murder, and large-scale drug trafficking. In the 1960s, the American Convention on Human rights was created providing a right for life, but the death penalty is included as an exception. While the percent for capital punishment is high in America the majority of Americans would rather have the sentencing be life in prison without parole. Even though capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is More Expensive Than Life Without Parole917 Words  | 4 Pagesdeath penalty has been a controversial topic for a long time, and rightfully deserves to be when a man’s life is in the government’s hand. Although life sentences are the popular alternative, the death penalty is the best solution to heinous cr imes because it saves the government money, teaches citizens that they are responsible for their own actions and actually saves lives. Capital punishment has been around since the 18th century B.C., when the code of King Hammurabi of Babylon established deathRead MoreBlack Man Who Was Suspected As The Killer Of A White Off Duty Police Officer Essay1726 Words  | 7 Pageslike America has lots of resources to almost everything, but we still use a law system as old as time itself. Although the death penalty has been necessary in the past, it is no longer justified in the 21st century. Capital punishment has become a costly and hypocritical punishment overtime, so it is no longer justified to stay in the 21st century. Justified means accepted or validated with logical reason, something that does not contradict itself. Our justice system over the centuries have modifiedRead MoreIs life in prison without parole better than the death penalty?812 Words  | 4 Pagesï » ¿ Amrat Tahir Is life in prison without parole better than the death penalty? This is it, this is the last time you will ever see daylight again. The dim light of the outside world seems to be overtaken by shadows. You squeeze your eyes shut, and then everything goes dark. That is the death penalty. What exactly is the death penalty? In the dictionary, it is defined as, the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offense. What the death penalty itselfRead MoreDeath Penalty for Murders1634 Words  | 6 Pagessevere punishment in the United States. People who have performed heinous crimes can be sentenced to capital punishment in some states; however, this type of chastisement is rarely performed. Capital punishment has more negative aspects than it has positive. The states that have legalized the death penalty face the excessive costs associated with it, which can be damaging to their economies. In addition, there is always the chance of executing an innocent person when carrying out capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishm ent As A Deterrent Of Crime1354 Words  | 6 PagesCapital punishment as a Deterrent to Crime Is it ethically wrong to execute offenders after they have carried out a certain horrendous crime? Two sisters vanished while strolling home from a shopping center in a calm suburb of Washington, and a far reaching inquiry yielded nothing. As months swung to years, and after that decades, any desires for realizing what happened to the young ladies dwindled. Law enforcement authorities vowed to work to pursue each individual who was included in the crimeRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Deterrence For Crime1570 Words  | 7 Pagesanother victim. To this day, capital punishment is a subject undergoing intense study, and is a hot topic of controversy. It is a challenging debate with many different viewpoints. Many people are pro death penalty, while others are quite against it, and there are others with amphibological feelings towards the subject. One of the many different questions that originate when the topic of the death penalty arises is if capital punishment is deterrence for crim e. Capital punishment stirs up a fierce debateRead MoreThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words  | 6 Pages Capital punishment is an age-old practice. It has been used in civilizations for millennia, and will continue to be used for millennia to come. Whether used for the right or wrong reasons, capital punishment is unmistakable in its various forms. From hangings, to firing squads, to lethal injections, capital punishment and the associated proceeding have evolved over time. There have been many arguments against capital punishment, many of which still hold true. As capital punishment has evolved overRead More Capital Punishment Essay949 Words  | 4 PagesCapital Punishment      Capital punishment is a very controversial issue, but it is a just penalty for murderers. Murderers forfeit their lives for taking the life of another. Capital punishment deters criminals from committing violet crimes. Incapacitating criminals is also another form of deterrence. The death penalty removes harmful criminals from society. In doing this, people can feel much safer knowing that there is one less criminal on the streets. The death penalty is also more economicalRead MoreCapital punishment’s validity in the legal system continues to be questioned but has been a huge800 Words  | 4 PagesCapital punishment’s validity in the legal system continues to be questioned but has been a huge part in human society and the legal system for centuries to restrain dangerous criminals and crimes. Later on, the death penalty as a punishment became a crime in itself, a crime against humanity thought by many, because killing, is killing no matter what. A nd it is wrong.To this day the argument continues. First of all, the death penalty seems somewhat barbaric and violates the â€Å"cruel and unusual†within
Friday, December 13, 2019
Father of Science Fiction H. G. Wells Free Essays
string(26) " accurately applied to H\." H. G. Wells is the True â€Å"Father of Science Fiction†At the very end of the Victorian Era, there emerged a man of literature the likes of which the world had never before seen. We will write a custom essay sample on Father of Science Fiction: H. G. Wells or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some know him best as an English novelist, though most of his works were not novels. Some call him a political and social commentator, due to the didactic themes in many of his works. Due to inclusion of the social and natural sciences in his works, he is also known as a popularizer of science. His devotion to the development and establishment of future studies as a science most certainly garnered him the reputation as an early futurist. His pervasive influence in the development of the science fiction genre is indisputable. However it was his masterful weaving together of futurism and speculative fiction into a single body of work dedicated to the future of mankind that earns H. G. Wells the title of â€Å"The Father of Science Fiction†. Herbert George Wells was born in Bromely, Kent, England in September of 1866, the son of a maid and a professional cricketer. When he was eight years old Wells broke his leg and began reading library books to pass the time, stimulating his desire to write. He attended a number of schools throughout his early life, acquiring an xtensive background in physics, astronomy, and chemistry. He even studied biology under Thomas Henry Huxley at the Royal College of Science, acquiring extensive knowledge in the theories of evolution. Joining the school Debating Society nurtured his interest toward social issues and reform. Wells considered himself a socialist and was a member of the Fabian Society that included other such notable members as George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf. At that time he also founded The Science School Journal, allowing him a forum to develop his pen for literature, expressing his iews on society and perfecting his burgeoning fiction. After doing some teaching, he eventually graduated from The University of London with a Bachelors of Science in zoology. His prolific writing career that followed included hundreds of works over the span of fifty years. His talent for combining the possibilities of science and technology in the form of fictional stories that became known as â€Å"science fiction†or as the genre was known in Britain at the time, the â€Å"scientific romance†. Science fiction as a modern literary genre is distinguished by its use of real cientific ideas and concepts to form a story that is plausible within a futuristic or alternative-world setting. The imaginative elements of science fiction are largely possible within the realm of scientific theory and fact. This differentiates science fiction from other speculative genres such as fantasy and horror in that those works are not concerned with scientific and technological possibility. Even Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), though certainly innovative in using themes of science fiction, is more accurately classified as a horror novel. Horror and fantasy genres also delineate rom science fiction in that they include magical and supernatural elements that are absent from the realistic and logical science fiction genre. Though some story elements of sci-fi can be purely imaginary, accurate depictions of science and technology are used to tormulate realistic conjectures ot the tuture, or even alternative timelines of the present or past. What distinguishes H. G. Wells from earlier authors who delve into themes of modern science fiction is that he studied science as a primary disciplinary field and applied his knowledge in a literary fashion, focusing on scientific and technological plausibility. All of Wells’ scientific romances contain realistic elements that are based on applied scientific methodology and knowledge. Some of these include such famous works as The Time Machine (1895), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). Though Wells is considered the â€Å"Father of Science Fiction†, it is often argued that Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is the first work that could be considered true science fiction. Many of the innovative themes used by Mary Shelley unquestionably fall into the realm of modern science fiction. Never before had any story been written about a man of science†(the term â€Å"scientist†was not yet coined and would not be until 1834) that performs â€Å"experiments†in a â€Å"laboratory’. Written as a response to the recent Industrial Revolution, Shelley uses fantastical scientific innovations to explore the moral and ethical consequences of technology, a device used by nearly all modern science fiction writers, including Wells. However, unlike Wells, Shelley’s works include precious little in the way of actual scientific fact or theory, leaving the audience to speculate about their plausibility. Her education, though broad and advanced for a oman of the Romantic era, was in literary studies and included no instruction in the natural or physical sciences. Her sources were limited to discussions with her peers of earlyl 9th century experiments in vivisection and galvanism, the latter of which is an antiquated term for the stimulation of muscles by electric current, applied in the case of Frankenstein to the reanimation of dead tissue. Her scientific education is in contrast to Wells, who had an extensive educational background in the sciences. Although Shelley’s science is neither plausible nor the main focus of her story, its ealistic nature made Frankenstein truly frightening to her audience, which was her intention in using such scientific elements. Shelley had originally conceived the work as a horror story, thus her themes of science fiction become secondary to the theme of horror as the focus of the work. She inspired the archetype of the â€Å"monster†that followed in literature and film. Though Shelley’s idea of using science merged with fiction was innovative for the time and implemented by later writers (including Wells, and not for another 80 years), Frankenstein’s designation as science fiction remains ncillary to that as a landmark novel of the horror genre. The title of â€Å"The Father of Science Fiction has also been applied to popular French writer Jules Verne, but is more accurately applied to H. You read "Father of Science Fiction: H. G. Wells" in category "Papers" G. Wells. While certainly a brilliant and talented writer that heavily influenced science fiction as a genre of literature, Verne’s novels can easily be disputed as works of true science fiction. Much like Shelley’s Frankenstein, the works of Verne contain elements and themes that are considered scientific but accessory to his primary literary theme. Much attention is given to Verne’s Voyages Extraordinaires, a series of fifty-four stories hich include such famous works as Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), and Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea (1869). At the time of their publication, the technological advancements present in Verne’s works had been extrapolated by him to aid in his fantastic voyages, but would soon atter become scientific realities. This earned him the reputation ot being a technological prophet, a reputation also held by Wells. Some of his prophecies that came true include the electric submarine, the helicopter, and a â€Å"projectile†to carry passengers to the moon. Although Verne’s scientific prophecies were at times more grounded in reality than those of Wells, they were made almost primarily in the area of transportation, unlike Wells, whose prophecies were made in multiple areas of science. The argument can be made that Verne himself inspired these technological advancements. Many pioneering submarine, aviation and rocketry innovators have credited Verne as the inspiration for their successful inventions. However, Jules Verne was in no way a scientist. He was educated as a lawyer and studied geography, the latter of which inspired him to write his stories of adventure and travel. Verne argued incessantly that his stories were not meant to be read scientifically, and even stated â€Å"l do not in any way pose as a scientist†2. The science he did use in his stories was well research ed; Verne often spent time in the company of the best contemporary scientists of his day, consulting them on possibilities of future technology that he could realistically yet fantastically apply to his adventure stories. While not all science fiction writers are scientists, the case of whether Verne or Wells is â€Å"The Father of Science Fiction†can favor Wells as the true â€Å"Father†when it’s argued hat Wells’ scientific educational background gives him credibility and authority. His use of scientific elements as the primary theme of his works (unlike Verne, whose science was used as an auxiliary to the theme of adventure) makes him more deserving of the title. Also, Verne’s title of â€Å"technological prophet†passed to Wells because of his dedication not Just to science but also the serious exploration and inquiry of the future. In 1901, H. G. Wells wrote a book called Anticipations of the Reactions of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought which is onsidered the â€Å"first comprehensive and widely read survey of future developments in the short history of predictive writing†3. Wells was not the first person to take seriously the study of the future, but rather he had access to a vast amount of early speculative writings, including some utopian novels that explored the future state of society, that he combined into a single body of work. With the development of scientific thought during the 18th and 19th centuries and the movement of scholars away from religious apocalyptic future inquiry, scholarly thinking and literature that ealt with general human progress instead of eschatology began to emerge. The development of social sciences that studied human interaction showed predictive power when applied to how future society might develop. Many 19th century novelists such as William Morris synthesized sociology with speculative fiction perfecting the utopian novel that gives an image of an ideal society set in the future. Earlier works inherited by Wells that included futurist themes often had a different purpose than the actual scientific study of the future such as exploring God and nterpreting history. In Anticipations, all the early tendencies toward future thought were combined by Wells into the first volume of work that gave complete attention to futurist ideas and systematically explored the future. Like the works of Verne, Anticipations investigates the future of transportation, accurately predicting major highways and interstates as well as the prevalence of motor vehicles. He accurately predicts the rise ot suburbia and huge metropolises as an enormous unbroken sprawls of middle-class life. The book also dwells extensively on the future of world rder and government, even predicting the formation of the European Union. After the publication of the book, the Royal Institution requested a lecture on future study, which he published under the name The Discovery of the Future (1902). The lecture calls for a whole new science to establish an ordered and working vision of the future, and is known to this day to be the birth of future studies. Wells continued this theme with other works dedicated to the future such as A Modern Utopia 1905), The Future in America (1906), What is Coming? (1916), A Year of Prophesying (1925), The Fate of Homo Sapiens (1939) and many, many more. His work The Shape of Things to Come (1933) is a fictional outline of future history, the title a phrase coined by Wells that has been used countless times and is still used today. The term â€Å"foresight†used in Anticipations was also coined by Wells. Wells’ other accurate future predictions include lasers, cell phones, the Internet, and the atomic bomb (a phrase he used in his book The World Set Free [1914] to describe the bombs that would not be developed until the 1930’s). The attention that Wells gave to surveying the future not nly established future studies as a legitimate science, but also helped firmly established future thought as a major theme of science fiction. Before Wells published Anticipations, he published his first and most well-known novel The Time Machine (1895). The story features a scientist known only as â€Å"The Time Traveler†who built a device that can move through time. This device is known as a â€Å"time machine†, a term coined by Wells and still used to this day in reference to such a device. The Time Traveler Journeys forward in time almost 800,000 years and meets a peaceful society of child-like humans known as the Eloi. He also meets the frightening race of Morlocks that live underground and are keepers of the technology that achieve the above-ground serenity. The Time Traveler also soon learns that the Morlocks feed on the Eloi, and that their technology is used to keep the Eloi passive. He comes to the conclusion that the two races are a product of Darwinian evolution and the large gap between the social classes of British society. He speculates that the Eloi were once the leisure class, and due to their conquest of nature with technology they have become feeble in an environment where intelligence and strength are no onger necessary for survival. He also speculates that the Morlocks are descendants of the oppressed working class. This application of Darwin’s theories as a literary motif echoes Wells’ education under Huxley who was known as â€Å"Darwin’s Bulldog†. Before publication of The Time Machine, the premise of time travel as a plot device had been used very little. There were some old folk tales and less than a handful of modern fictional works that had included time travel. The idea was certainly popularized by Wells and considered the inspiration of all later science fiction works that feature time travel. Like Anticipations, it also established time settings in the future as a major element of science fiction. Wells is the first author to use modern science fiction elements to compose social and political commentary. The Time Machine famously illustrates the possible future consequences of a stratified society that becomes too dependent on technology and will be subject to a form of extreme social Darwinism. In The War of the Worlds, Wells examines Victorian attitudes and values. In his story of Martians attempting to colonize Earth and exterminate humans, Wells provides an imaginative vehicle tor ommentary on British Imperialism. Wells also explores morality and technological ethics, specifically within the realm of vivisection and genetic engineering in his novel The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896). The use of science in a fictional setting to make a didactic point is a reoccurring theme in Wells’ scientific romances. It has since then became a major literary device in modern science fiction works to explore the impact of technology on society and humanity. In his best-known and most influential work, 2001 : A Space Odyssey (1968), British author Arthur C. Clarke explores the moral and hilosophical implications surrounding technology and artificial intelligence, evolution, and alien life. Clarke was strongly influenced by Wells; he was even vice president of the H. G. Wells Society. The British author C. S. Lewis was a champion of science fiction that is philosophically reflective and includes a moral point. He created his Cosmic Trilogy as a direct influence by H. G. Wells, citing his novel The First Men in the Moon (1901) as â€Å"the best sort [of science fiction] I have read†4. Out of the Silent Planet (1938), the first book in Lewis’ trilogy, is so similar to The First Men in the Moon that the opening age says â€Å"Certain slighting references to earlier stories of this type which will be found in the following pages have been put there for purely dramatic purposes. The author would be sorry if any reader supposed he was too stupid to have enjoyed Mr. H. G. Wells fantasies or too ungrateful to acknowledge his debt to them. â€Å"5 Wells’ influence on science fiction extends to many more authors, including British science fiction author Olaf Stapledon. Stapledon himself was a heavily influential writer, contributing many ideas to the genre of science fiction. Stapledon and Wells orresponded for over a decade, both creating ideas together and borrowing from each other. In his book The Billion Year Spree, Brian Aldiss calls Stapledon the â€Å"greatest of Wells’ followers†6. Wells’ science fictional reach extended beyond the sphere of British authors and diffused quickly to America, where his influence can be seen in such notable science fiction authors as Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein. During the 19th and 20th centuries, when the idea of the utopia as story element began to have a prominent place in literature, Wells himself wrote a number of utopian novels such as A Modern Utopia (1905) and Men Like Gods (1923). Wells progresses the idea of the utopia with his novel The Time Machine by turning the theme into an anti-utopia point of view. He illustrates the seemingly utopian society of the Eloi, and upon the discovery of the violent Morlocks, the world transforms into a horrifying dystopia. In his novel When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) about a man who falls asleep for two hundred years and wakes up in the future, Wells gives definitive form to the dystopia as a science fiction theme. This theme was taken up by later authors, most notably the British authors George Orwell and Aldous Huxley in their amous novels Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and Brave New World (1932) respectively. These two novels have been explicitly touted by their authors as directly influenced by the works of Wells, and have in turn influenced many other authors, works, philosophers, thinkers, and even nations and governments. The achievement of H. G. Wells in the development of science fiction as a respected and important literary genre is unquestionable. His background as a scientist combined with his adept queries on futuristic ideas provided a springboard into an illustrious and intluential literary career His creative inventions ot science fiction themes such as the time travel, alien invasions, and invisible men have taken their place as staples of sci-fi literature. This, along with his numerous coined terms, technological prescience and populizing of proto-science fiction themes into mainstream literature designate Wells as the most important science fiction writer the genre has ever seen. And when his pervasive influence on future science fiction writers is regarded along with his other contributions, the only conclusion that remains is that H. G. Wells is the true â€Å"Father of Science Fiction†. Works Cited Wells, H. G. Anticipations of the Reactions of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought. How to cite Father of Science Fiction: H. G. Wells, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
The Navigation Act of 1600 free essay sample
This paper looks at the effect the Navigation Act of 1600 had on American history. This paper examines how the Navigation Act of 1600 laid the groundwork for what was to eventually become the American Revolution. The author gives the reader a brief history of the political climate in England that lead to the passage of the Navigation Act and its accompanying taxes and details how they came to affect the lives of the colonists, especially those living in New England. According to the author, the people living in New England made their livelihood from the majority of the items that were now heavily taxed by this new law, which lead to them feeling increasingly isolated from England. This Act or set of taxes, was the first of many subsequent laws which placed an increasing burden upon the colonists and led to the American Revolution. By the 18th century, the relationship between the American colonists and Britain and the British Parliament had as its basis a complex pattern of economic ties and conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Navigation Act of 1600 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that the American Revolution was initiated over taxes and economic independence more than any other single issue was no historical accident, for while Britain and the American colonies were tied together in a number of cultural, social and political ways, the relationship (as is the rule between a mother country and her colonies) remained at base an economic one.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)